北京市安定生活垃圾填埋场VOCs恶臭物质及其臭气强度

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是填埋场重要的恶臭源之一.为了深入了解造成填埋场恶臭的VOCs及其臭气强度情况,在2014年7—8月采用固相微萃取(SPME)-气相色谱(GC)-质谱(MS)联用法测定了北京市安定生活垃圾卫生填埋场内各代表性地点的VOCs.共确认了48种化合物,包括烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、环烷烃、萜类、酯类、醛酮类、卤代烃、醇类及含硫化合物和含氮化合物.烷烃的种类最多,达到13种,其次是芳香烃,为9种.以内标法和外标法相结合测定了其中35种物质的含量,发现浓度在0.05~40 mg·m~(-3)之间.在厂区入口和作业面浓度最高的VOC是2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷,在沼气干管是甲苯.从实际经验和臭气强度出发,建立了一种恶臭物质筛选方法,即首先以检出频次和各地点浓度比值筛选出可能的恶臭物质,然后由臭气强度确定最终的恶臭物质.筛选结果表明,填埋场内的恶臭VOCs是对伞花烃、对二甲苯、乙苯、甲苯和邻二甲苯,其中对伞花烃和对二甲苯对恶臭贡献尤为显著.这些恶臭VOCs浓度之间呈现出显著的相关关系,表明这些物质均来源于填埋场内生活垃圾的降解过程.     

福州清洁地区夏季和秋季VOCs浓度特征及化学反应活性

挥发性有机物(VOCs)的臭氧生成潜势引起广泛关注.2014年夏季和秋季对福州清洁地区鼓山挥发性有机物浓度特征及化学反应活性进行监测研究.鼓山夏季总挥发性有机物平均浓度为(262.57±256.71)μg·m-3,低于秋季(330.74±254.38)μg·m-3.两季平均VOCs浓度组成为烷烃(115.37±20.99)μg·m-3,含氧化硫烃(66.54±2.10)μg·m-3,卤代烃(63.17±13.96)μg·m-3,烯烃(34.20±5.50)μg·m-3,芳香烃(17.38±5.65)μg·m-3.VOCs浓度日变化趋势表现出明显的季节特征.通过比较VOCs各物种的化学反应活性,发现鼓山站点两季中烯烃类浓度远低于烷烃,但其具有最大臭氧生成潜势,约为烷烃的3倍,其次是烷烃和芳香烃.此外,异戊二烯对臭氧生成的贡献亦大.对优势物种进行分析,并选取间/对-二甲苯和乙苯环境浓度的比值作为评价气团老化程度的指标,结果表明:鼓山VOCs主要来源于交通源,夏季主要来自于大气的远程输送,而秋季受局地交通排放源影响较大.     

双台子河口水体全氟化合物的污染水平分析

全氟化合物(PFCs)作为一类新型的有机污染物已被持续关注.本文以双台子河口为研究对象,采用固相萃取(SPE)前处理与高效液相色谱串联质谱联用(HPLC-MS/MS)相结合的方法分析水样中包含短链全氟丁酸(PFBA)、全氟丁基磺酸(PFBS)、全氟戊酸(PFPe A)在内的15种主要PFCs的含量水平,并对全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)与全氟辛酸(PFOA)的生态风险及人群健康风险进行评价.结果表明,双台子河口水体存在PFCs污染,∑PFCs介于43.40~157.71 ng·L~(-1)之间,PFBA和PFPe A是水体中的主要污染物.此外,采用风险商法粗略评估得到PFOS与PFOA的风险值均远低于参考值,风险较小.     

Water uptake of multicomponent organic mixtures and their influence on hygroscopicity of inorganic salts

The hygroscopic behaviors of atmospherically relevant multicomponent water soluble organic compounds(WSOCs) and their effects on ammonium sulfate(AS) and sodium chloride were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer(HTDMA) in the relative humidity(RH) range of 5%–90%. The measured hygroscopic growth was compared with predictions from the Extended-Aerosol Inorganics Model(E-AIM) and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson(ZSR) method. The equal mass multicomponent WSOCs mixture containing levoglucosan, succinic acid, phthalic acid and humic acid showed gradual water uptake without obvious phase change over the whole RH range. It was found that the organic content played an important role in the water uptake of mixed particles.When organic content was dominant in the mixture(75%), the measured hygroscopic growth was higher than predictions from the E-AIM or ZSR relation, especially under high RH conditions. For mass fractions of organics not larger than 50%, the hygroscopic growth of mixtures was in good agreement with model predictions. The influence of interactions between inorganic and organic components on the hygroscopicity of mixed particles was related to the salt type and organic content. These results could contribute to understanding of the hygroscopic behaviors of multicomponent aerosol particles.     

On-board measurements of gaseous pollutant emission characteristics under real driving conditions from light-duty diesel vehicles in Chinese cities

A total of 15 light-duty diesel vehicles(LDDVs) were tested with the goal of understanding the emission factors of real-world vehicles by conducting on-board emission measurements. The emission characteristics of hydrocarbons(HC) and nitrogen oxides(NOx) at different speeds, chemical species profiles and ozone formation potential(OFP) of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emitted from diesel vehicles with different emission standards were analyzed. The results demonstrated that emission reductions of HC and NOxhad been achieved as the control technology became more rigorous from Stage I to Stage IV. It was also found that the HC and NOxemissions and percentage of O2 dropped with the increase of speed, while the percentage of CO2 increased. The abundance of alkanes was significantly higher in diesel vehicle emissions, approximately accounting for 41.1%–45.2%, followed by aromatics and alkenes. The most abundant species were propene,ethane, n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane. The maximum incremental reactivity(MIR)method was adopted to evaluate the contributions of individual VOCs to OFP. The results indicated that the largest contributors to O3 production were alkenes and aromatics, which accounted for 87.7%–91.5%. Propene, ethene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1-butene, and1,2,3-trimethylbenzene were the top five VOC species based on their OFP, and accounted for 54.0%-64.8% of the total OFP. The threshold dilution factor was applied to analyze the possibility of VOC stench pollution. The majority of stench components emitted from vehicle exhaust were aromatics, especially p-diethylbenzene, propylbenzene, m-ethyltoluene, and p-ethyltoluene.     

工业源挥发性有机物动态更新平台的建立与研究

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是一类重要的大气污染物质,通过工业源VOCs动态更新平台对其进行管控是十分必要的.对比分析国内外VOCs动态更新机制的发展状况,结合天津市建立的工业源VOCs排放申报平台,提出了包括建立涵盖全行业的统一申报系统、建立规范的申报和审核流程、确定统一的总量核算办法、形成工业源VOCs排放清单、建立VOCs动态更新机制在内的动态更新平台建立思路,用于指导工业源VOCs的污染防治工作.     

挥发性有机物税收政策对我国经济的影响分析

基于可计算的一般均衡模型,引入不同税率的间接税作为环境税的征收方式,在3种情景下对挥发性有机物的减排效果以及对我国宏观经济和产业部门的影响进行了分析.模型运算结果表明,从环境角度分析,对主要挥发性有机物排放部门征收间接税,对其排放起到了立竿见影的控制作用.从经济角度来看,环境税对国民经济发展的宏观指标,比如国民生产总值、总投入、总产出和消费等都产生了负面的影响,仅对政府收入的提高有促进作用.并且税率越高,对污染的控制力度越强,对经济的发展的影响也越加地明显.本文建议,挥发性有机物排放量的控制政策,需要以行政命令型控制手段为主,以逐步在重点污染排放行业征收低的间接税收政策为辅.     

国外固定源VOCs排放控制法规与标准研究

对美国、欧盟、日本的固定源VOCs排放控制法规和标准进行了研究,提出了我国VOCs排放控制及其标准制订建议.笔者认为,应从健全VOCs排放标准体系、创新VOCs排放控制思路、提高VOCs排放控制效率、统一VOCs监测考核方法几方面入手,借鉴国外成功的环境管理思路和经验,以及相应法规、标准要求,走出一条适合我国的简便高效的VOCs控制之路.     

青岛大气气溶胶中游离氨基化合物的浓度、组成和来源

氨基化合物是大气气溶胶中一类重要的有机氮化合物,由于其具有吸湿性,且沉降入海后可被海洋浮游生物直接利用,因此,可能在大气化学方面和海洋生态系统中具有重要作用.基于此,本研究利用2007年6月至2008年5月在青岛采集的55个总悬浮颗粒物样品,采用邻苯二甲醛/N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸柱前衍生高效液相色谱法,分析了其中游离氨基化合物(FAC)的浓度.结果表明,气溶胶中总FAC浓度为0.14~8.33 nmol·m^-3,其中,精氨酸、甲胺和丙氨酸的贡献最大.不同季节FAC的组成不同,精氨酸在夏、秋季节对FAC的贡献高于冬、春季节,甲胺的相对贡献则在夏季较低,而冬、春季较高.采样期间气团来源和天气状况的不同会影响气溶胶中FAC的浓度和组成.FAC在受南方陆源影响的气溶胶中浓度最高,北方陆源次之,海洋源气溶胶中的浓度最低,蛋白质类氨基化合物对总FAC的贡献在海洋源气溶胶中最高,在南方陆源气溶胶中最低.雾天和烟霾时气溶胶中FAC的浓度分别为晴天时的2.5倍和1.8倍,沙尘天气时FAC浓度与晴天时基本相当,蛋白质类氨基化合物对总FAC的贡献在晴天和雨后相对较高,在烟霾和雾天时相对较低.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱法测定水中27种挥发性有机物

建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱法测定地表水环境质量标准所要求必须监测的27种挥发性有机物。采用全扫描和选择离子扫描方式,内标法进行测定,提高了定性、定量分析的准确性。各目标物方法检出限为0.04～2.8μg/L,加标回收率为82.7%～108%,RSD为1.42%～8.68%。